Tube Investments of India technical analysis: RSI, MACD, moving averages and F&O
NSE: TIINDIABSE: 540762Auto ComponentsMid Cap
Tube Investments of India Limited · Face value ₹1 Face value. The nominal value of one share as the company issued it, the unit its share capital is counted in and a dividend can be stated as a percentage of; it has no link to the share price. Face value in the glossary · Listed Nov 2017
Last close ₹2,105.00up ₹19.80 (0.95%)BSE ₹2,120.00
Share price at the NSE close on 27 Oct 2026. Previous close ₹2,085.20.
27 Oct: open ₹2,085.20, high ₹2,119.10, low ₹2,067.80
52-week range of traded prices to 27 Oct 2026
₹2,005.20Low, 23 Oct 2026₹3,335.20High, 24 Jun 2026
- Next results date: the board meets on 5 Nov 2026 to consider: financial results. The notice · Results calendar
- Market capMarket capitalisation. Share price times the number of shares: what the whole company is worth at the day's price. The rank is by average market value over the six months to Jun 2026, among listed companies. Market capitalisation: how it is worked out
- ₹40,747 Cr193rd largest listed
- P/EPrice to earnings, trailing. Market cap divided by the profit of the last twelve months (the latest four quarters, or two half years for a company that reports half-yearly) that belongs to the company's own shareholders, after the share of the other owners of its subsidiaries: what investors pay for each rupee of a year's profit. Price to earnings, trailing: how it is worked out
- 67.18
- P/E without one-offsPrice to earnings without one-off items. Market cap divided by core profit: the profit of the last twelve months (the latest four quarters, or two half years for a company that reports half-yearly) that belongs to the company's own shareholders, less one-off items (exceptional items and the result of businesses sold or closed). Shown where the one-off items move that profit by more than a tenth. The last twelve months' profit includes −₹66 crore of one-off items, the largest of them in the quarter to Dec 2025.
- 60.59
- P/BPrice to book. Market cap divided by the net worth that belongs to the company's own shareholders, its assets less everything it owes and less the other owners' share of its subsidiaries, on its latest balance sheet. Price to book: how it is worked out
- 5.26
- Dividend yieldDividend yield. Dividends paid per share in the twelve months to the day, as a percentage of the day's share price.
- 0.17%
- ROEReturn on equity. Profit over the last twelve months (the latest four quarters, or two half years for a company that reports half-yearly) that belongs to the company's own shareholders, as a percentage of their net worth, the money they have in the business. Net worth is the average of the latest balance sheet and the one a year before it.
- 9.1%
- ROE without one-offsReturn on equity without one-off items. Core profit, the profit of the last twelve months (the latest four quarters, or two half years for a company that reports half-yearly) that belongs to the company's own shareholders less one-off items (exceptional items and the result of businesses sold or closed), as a percentage of the same net worth as the return on equity. Shown where the one-off items move that profit by more than a tenth. The last twelve months' profit includes −₹66 crore of one-off items, the largest of them in the quarter to Dec 2025.
- 10.1%
- ROCEReturn on capital employed. Operating profit after depreciation (revenue less operating expenses and depreciation, without other income and one-off items) as a percentage of all the money the business runs on: the whole group's net worth, the other owners of its subsidiaries included, plus borrowings. Lease liabilities are not counted: the results filings do not state them. The profit is over the last twelve months (the latest four quarters, or two half years for a company that reports half-yearly); net worth and borrowings are on the latest balance sheet.
- 10.7%
- Debt to equityDebt to equity. Borrowings divided by the whole group's net worth, the other owners of its subsidiaries included: rupees borrowed for each rupee of equity in the business. Lease liabilities are not counted: the results filings do not state them. From the balance sheet at the end of Mar 2026.
- 0.03
- Volume, NSEVolume. Shares traded on the last trading day; delivery is the part buyers kept rather than sold again the same day. Volume in the glossary
- 3,30,52149.2% delivered
Tube Investments of India's technical indicators on adjusted prices to 27 Oct 2026: moving averages, RSI, MACD, Bollinger bands, beta against the Nifty 500, pivot levels, and futures and options with its lot size.
Price, RSI, MACD and Bollinger bands
A year of sessions on adjusted prices, to 27 Oct 2026.Tube Investments of India share price history
- From the 52-week high
- −36.9%
Close with its 50 and 200-day averages
- Close
- 50-day average50-day moving average. The average closing price over the last 50 trading sessions.
- 200-day average200-day moving average. The average closing price over the last 200 trading sessions.
The close is above 1 of its 8 simple moving averages (5 to 200 days) in the table below.
Moving averages, including the 50, 100 and 200 day averages
Adjusted prices, to 27 Oct 2026.
WindowSimple (SMA, DMA)Exponential (EMA)
5 days₹2,096.82+0.4%
10 days₹2,145.14−1.9%₹2,150.72−2.1%
20 days₹2,244.36−6.2%₹2,244.83−6.2%
30 days₹2,352.53−10.5%
50 days₹2,529.46−16.8%₹2,453.54−14.2%
100 days₹2,749.36−23.4%₹2,615.75−19.5%
150 days₹2,782.53−24.3%
200 days₹2,706.83−22.2%₹2,702.15−22.1%
Beside each average, the close against it: the close divided by the average, less one, in per cent. An exponential average weights recent closes more heavily than older ones.
- Since the 50-day crossed the 200-daySessions since the 50-day average crossed the 200-day. Trading sessions since the 50-day moving average last moved from one side of the 200-day moving average to the other. Sessions since the 50-day average crossed the 200-day in the glossary
- 18Below, 29 Sep 2026 at ₹2,413.00
- 200-day average, 20-session changeSlope of the 200-day average. The 200-day moving average today against its value 20 sessions ago, as a percentage change. Slope of the 200-day average in the glossary
- −1.4%
- Sessions above the 200-day averageSessions above the 200-day average. Of the last 250 sessions that had a 200-day average, how many closed above it. Sessions above the 200-day average in the glossary
- 98of the last 250
- Closes above the 20-day averageCloses above the 20-day average, 60 sessions. The percentage of the last 60 sessions that closed above their own 20-day moving average. Closes above the 20-day average, 60 sessions in the glossary
- 17%of the last 60 sessions
- Volume-weighted average, 20 daysVolume-weighted average, 20 days. The average close of the last 20 sessions with each weighted by the shares traded that day, so a busy day counts for more. Volume-weighted average, 20 days in the glossary
- ₹2,245.50
- Hull moving average, 9 daysHull moving average, 9 days. A 9-day average that follows the price closely: a 3-day weighted average of twice the 4-day weighted average less the 9-day one, each weighting the latest close most. Hull moving average, 9 days in the glossary
- ₹2,064.10
- Ichimoku base line, 26 sessionsIchimoku base line, 26 sessions. The midpoint of the highest high and the lowest low of the last 26 sessions. Ichimoku base line, 26 sessions in the glossary
- ₹2,321.50
RSI, MACD and other oscillators
Adjusted prices, to 27 Oct 2026.
- RSI, 14 daysRelative strength index, 14 days. A 0 to 100 gauge of recent moves: the average rise over the last 14 sessions as a share of the average rise and the average fall together. Relative strength index, 14 days in the glossary27.6
- Money flow index, 14 daysMoney flow index, 14 days. Money traded on days the typical price rose, as a percentage of money traded on days it rose or fell, over the last 14 sessions. Money flow index, 14 days in the glossary37.6
- Stochastic %KStochastic %K, 14 days. Where the close sits in the range of the last 14 sessions, from 0 at the lowest low to 100 at the highest high. Stochastic %K, 14 days in the glossary21.4
- Stochastic %DStochastic %D. The average of the last three %K readings. Stochastic %D in the glossary18.2
- Stochastic RSIStochastic RSI. Where today's 14-day RSI sits in the range of its own last 14 readings, from 0 at the lowest to 100 at the highest. Stochastic RSI in the glossary33.2
- Williams %R, 14 daysWilliams %R, 14 days. How far the close sits below the highest high of the last 14 sessions as a share of their range, from 0 at the high to minus 100 at the low. Williams %R, 14 days in the glossary−78.6
- Ultimate oscillatorUltimate oscillator. A 0 to 100 average of where each close sits in its day's true range, taken over 7, 14 and 28 sessions and weighted 4, 2 and 1. Ultimate oscillator in the glossary45.5
- ADX, 14 daysAverage directional index, 14 days. A 0 to 100 measure of how much of the last 14 sessions' movement ran one way, whichever way that was. Average directional index, 14 days in the glossary47.7
- Positive directional indicatorPositive directional indicator, 14 days. Rises in the day's high over the last 14 sessions as a percentage of the true range over the same sessions. Positive directional indicator, 14 days in the glossary11.1
- Negative directional indicatorNegative directional indicator, 14 days. Falls in the day's low over the last 14 sessions as a percentage of the true range over the same sessions. Negative directional indicator, 14 days in the glossary31.8
- MACD lineMACD line. The 12-day exponential moving average of the close less the 26-day one, in rupees. MACD line in the glossary
- −127.06In rupees
- MACD signal lineMACD signal line. The 9-day exponential moving average of the MACD line. MACD signal line in the glossary
- −125.48In rupees
- MACD histogramMACD histogram. The MACD line less its signal line. MACD histogram in the glossary
- −1.59In rupees
- Awesome oscillatorAwesome oscillator. The 5-day average of each day's midpoint between high and low less the 34-day average of the same, in rupees. Awesome oscillator in the glossary
- −307.40In rupees
- Momentum, 10 sessionsMomentum, 10 sessions. The close less the close 10 sessions earlier, in rupees. Momentum, 10 sessions in the glossary
- −109.00In rupees
- Bull bear power, 13 daysBull bear power, 13 days. The day's high less the 13-day exponential average of the close, added to the day's low less that same average, in rupees. Bull bear power, 13 days in the glossary
- −171.24In rupees
- Commodity channel index, 20 daysCommodity channel index, 20 days. How far the typical price, the average of high, low and close, sits from its 20-day average, in units of 0.015 times its average distance from that average. Commodity channel index, 20 days in the glossary
- −93.1No fixed range
- Rate of change, 21 sessionsRate of change, 21 sessions. The percentage change in the closing price over the last 21 sessions.
- −17.1%Change in the close
- Rate of change, 125 sessionsRate of change, 125 sessions. The percentage change in the closing price over the last 125 sessions.
- −29.7%Change in the close
Volatility and Bollinger bands
Adjusted prices, to 27 Oct 2026.
Bollinger bands today
Close ₹2,105.00
Lower band₹1,997.3420-day average₹2,244.36Upper band₹2,491.37
Twice the spread of the last 20 closes either side of their average.
- Average true rangeAverage true range, 14 days. The average size of a day's price swing over the last 14 sessions, counting any jump from the previous close as part of the swing. Average true range, 14 days in the glossary
- ₹76.90In rupees, 14 days
- Average true range, % of priceAverage true range as a share of price. The 14-day average true range as a percentage of the close. Average true range as a share of price in the glossary
- 3.65%Of the close
- Volatility, 20 daysVolatility, 20 days. How widely the share price has swung from day to day over the last 20 sessions, scaled to a year: the standard deviation of daily moves times the square root of 252 trading days.
- 37.9%A year
- Volatility, 30 daysVolatility, 30 days. How widely the share price has swung from day to day over the last 30 sessions, scaled to a year: the standard deviation of daily moves times the square root of 252 trading days.
- 33.3%A year
- Volatility, 60 daysVolatility, 60 days. How widely the share price has swung from day to day over the last 60 sessions, scaled to a year: the standard deviation of daily moves times the square root of 252 trading days.
- 32.1%A year
- Bollinger band widthBollinger band width. The distance between the two Bollinger bands as a percentage of the 20-day average. Bollinger band width in the glossary
- 22.0%Of the 20-day average
- 30-day volatility, place in its yearWhere today's 30-day volatility sits in its year. The percentage of the last 250 sessions on which the 30-day volatility was at or below today's.54%
- Band width, place in its yearWhere today's Bollinger band width sits in its year. The percentage of the last 250 sessions on which the Bollinger band width was at or below today's.93%
- 21-session change, place in its yearWhere today's 21-session price change sits in its year. The percentage of the last 250 sessions on which the 21-session price change was at or below today's.3%
Beta, highs and deepest falls
Against the Nifty 500. The 1-year beta, 3-year beta, 3 and 5-year fall and correlation to 23 Oct 2026, the rest to 27 Oct 2026.Tube Investments of India PE ratio and valuation
Beta against the Nifty 500
- 1 monthBeta, 21 sessions. How far the share's daily return has moved for each 1% move in the Nifty 500's over the last 21 sessions: the covariance of the two over the variance of the index's.1.48
- 3 monthsBeta, 63 sessions. How far the share's daily return has moved for each 1% move in the Nifty 500's over the last 63 sessions: the covariance of the two over the variance of the index's.1.16
- 1 yearBeta, one year. How far the share price has moved, on average, for each 1% move in the Nifty 500, from daily prices over the last year. Beta, one year in the glossary1.23
- 3 yearsBeta, three years. How far the share price has moved, on average, for each 1% move in the Nifty 500, from daily prices over the last three years. Beta, three years in the glossary1.07
1: moves as the Nifty 500 does
Deepest fall from a high
- 1 yearDeepest fall, year. The largest drop from any closing price to a later one within the last year, as a percentage of the earlier price.−37.1%
- 3 and 5 yearsDeepest fall, three and five years. The largest drop from any closing price to a later one within the last three and five years, as a percentage of the earlier price.24 Oct 2024 to 23 Oct 2026; Nifty 500 −6.0% over the same days−55.9%
- Highest close since Nov 2017Highest close since Nov 2017. The highest closing price since Nov 2017, with earlier prices restated for splits and bonuses, and for any demerger of a business, so they compare with today's.
- ₹4,716.6024 Oct 2024, 733 days before 27 Oct 2026
- Correlation, 1 yearCorrelation with the Nifty 500, one year. How closely the share's daily moves have followed the Nifty 500's over the last year, from minus 1 (opposite) through 0 (unrelated) to plus 1 (in step). Correlation with the Nifty 500, one year in the glossary
- 0.51
- Correlation, 3 yearsCorrelation with the Nifty 500, three years. How closely the share's daily moves have followed the Nifty 500's over the last three years, from minus 1 (opposite) through 0 (unrelated) to plus 1 (in step). Correlation with the Nifty 500, three years in the glossary
- 0.41
Volume, delivery and notable sessions
Volume restated for splits and bonuses, to 27 Oct 2026.
Volume against the 50-session average
- Latest dayVolume against usual, day. The day's shares traded divided by the average of the 50 sessions before it. Volume against usual, day in the glossary0.74×
- Latest weekVolume against usual, week. The average shares traded over the last 5 sessions divided by the average of the 50 before them. Volume against usual, week in the glossary1.04×
- Latest monthVolume against usual, month. The average shares traded over the last 21 sessions divided by the average of the 50 before them. Volume against usual, month in the glossary1.74×
1×: a usual session
- Volume on rising daysVolume on rising days, 20 sessions. Of all shares traded over the last 20 sessions, the percentage traded on sessions that closed higher than the one before. Volume on rising days, 20 sessions in the glossary
- 34%of the last 20 sessions' volume
- Volume trend, 20 sessionsVolume trend, 20 sessions. The average shares traded over the last 20 sessions against the 20 before them, as a percentage change. Volume trend, 20 sessions in the glossary
- +234.3%
- Delivery against usualDelivery against usual. How unusual the day's delivery, the share of trades buyers kept, is against the 60 sessions before it, counted in standard deviations from their average. Delivery against usual in the glossary
- −0.1
- Delivery, last 5 sessionsDelivery, last 5 sessions. Of all the shares traded over the last 5 sessions, the share delivered: each session's delivery weighted by its volume, so a busy session counts for more. Delivery, last 5 sessions in the glossary
- 51.8%
- Delivery, last 21 sessionsDelivery, last 21 sessions. Of all the shares traded over the last 21 sessions, the share delivered: each session's delivery weighted by its volume, so a busy session counts for more. Delivery, last 21 sessions in the glossary
- 54.2%
- Impact costImpact cost. How far an order of a standard size moves the price against the person placing it, as a percentage of the price. Impact cost in the glossary
- 0.03%
Delivery, last 10 sessions
Delivery. The share of the session's traded shares that were delivered into demat accounts rather than bought and sold again the same day. Delivery in the glossary- 27 Oct49.2%
- 26 Oct53.9%
- 23 Oct51.7%
- 22 Oct51.4%
- 21 Oct52.6%
- 19 Oct43.6%
- 16 Oct55.2%
- 15 Oct52.3%
- 14 Oct64.9%
- 13 Oct60.2%
54.2%: the last 21 sessions together
- Oct6TueLargest moveup 6.58%
- Aug18TueBusiest and largest move14.1× usual volumeup 7.94%
- Feb5ThuBusiest and largest move6.9× usual volumedown 9.70%
- Feb3TueLargest moveup 8.10%
- Dec10WedBusiest7.2× usual volumedown 1.04%
Of the last 250 sessions: the three with the most shares traded against the 50 sessions before each and the four largest moves of the close, up or down.
Pivot points: support and resistance
On adjusted prices.
For the session after 27 Oct 2026, from that day's open, high, low and close.
Classic levels and the latest close
R3₹2,178.10
R2₹2,148.60
R1₹2,126.80
Pivot₹2,097.30
S1₹2,075.50
S2₹2,046.00
S3₹2,024.20
Close ₹2,105.00
| Level | Classic | Woodie | Camarilla | Fibonacci | DeMark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance 3 (R3) | ₹2,178.10 | ₹2,181.95 | ₹2,119.11 | ₹2,148.60 | – |
| Resistance 2 (R2) | ₹2,148.60 | ₹2,150.53 | ₹2,114.41 | ₹2,129.00 | – |
| Resistance 1 (R1) | ₹2,126.80 | ₹2,130.65 | ₹2,109.70 | ₹2,116.90 | ₹2,137.70 |
| Pivot point | ₹2,097.30 | ₹2,099.23 | ₹2,097.30 | ₹2,097.30 | ₹2,102.75 |
| Support 1 (S1) | ₹2,075.50 | ₹2,079.35 | ₹2,100.30 | ₹2,077.70 | ₹2,086.40 |
| Support 2 (S2) | ₹2,046.00 | ₹2,047.93 | ₹2,095.60 | ₹2,065.60 | – |
| Support 3 (S3) | ₹2,024.20 | ₹2,028.05 | ₹2,090.89 | ₹2,046.00 | – |
For the coming week, from the sessions of 19 Oct 2026 to 23 Oct 2026: the first open, the highest high, the lowest low and the last close.
Classic levels and the latest close
R3₹2,446.23
R2₹2,343.07
R1₹2,211.53
Pivot₹2,108.37
S1₹1,976.83
S2₹1,873.67
S3₹1,742.13
Close ₹2,105.00
| Level | Classic | Woodie | Camarilla | Fibonacci | DeMark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance 3 (R3) | ₹2,446.23 | ₹2,432.05 | ₹2,144.54 | ₹2,343.07 | – |
| Resistance 2 (R2) | ₹2,343.07 | ₹2,335.98 | ₹2,123.03 | ₹2,253.41 | – |
| Resistance 1 (R1) | ₹2,211.53 | ₹2,197.35 | ₹2,101.51 | ₹2,198.02 | ₹2,159.95 |
| Pivot point | ₹2,108.37 | ₹2,101.28 | ₹2,108.37 | ₹2,108.37 | ₹2,082.58 |
| Support 1 (S1) | ₹1,976.83 | ₹1,962.65 | ₹2,058.49 | ₹2,018.71 | ₹1,925.25 |
| Support 2 (S2) | ₹1,873.67 | ₹1,866.58 | ₹2,036.97 | ₹1,963.32 | – |
| Support 3 (S3) | ₹1,742.13 | ₹1,727.95 | ₹2,015.46 | ₹1,873.67 | – |
For the coming month, from the sessions of 1 Sep 2026 to 30 Sep 2026: the first open, the highest high, the lowest low and the last close.
Classic levels and the latest close
R3₹3,077.23
R2₹2,936.07
R1₹2,655.53
Pivot₹2,514.37
S1₹2,233.83
S2₹2,092.67
S3₹1,812.13
Close ₹2,105.00
| Level | Classic | Woodie | Camarilla | Fibonacci | DeMark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance 3 (R3) | ₹3,077.23 | ₹3,007.55 | ₹2,490.97 | ₹2,936.07 | – |
| Resistance 2 (R2) | ₹2,936.07 | ₹2,901.23 | ₹2,452.31 | ₹2,774.98 | – |
| Resistance 1 (R1) | ₹2,655.53 | ₹2,585.85 | ₹2,413.66 | ₹2,675.46 | ₹2,584.95 |
| Pivot point | ₹2,514.37 | ₹2,479.53 | ₹2,514.37 | ₹2,514.37 | ₹2,479.08 |
| Support 1 (S1) | ₹2,233.83 | ₹2,164.15 | ₹2,336.34 | ₹2,353.28 | ₹2,163.25 |
| Support 2 (S2) | ₹2,092.67 | ₹2,057.83 | ₹2,297.69 | ₹2,253.76 | – |
| Support 3 (S3) | ₹1,812.13 | ₹1,742.45 | ₹2,259.03 | ₹2,092.67 | – |
Classic pivot levelsClassic pivot levels. The pivot is the average of the session's high, low and close; each level above and below it adds or takes away a multiple of the session's range. Classic pivot levels in the glossaryWoodie pivot levelsWoodie pivot levels. The classic levels, with the close counted twice in the pivot. Woodie pivot levels in the glossaryCamarilla pivot levelsCamarilla pivot levels. Levels above and below the close at 1.1 times the session's range divided by 12, 6 and 4. Camarilla pivot levels in the glossaryFibonacci pivot levelsFibonacci pivot levels. Levels above and below the classic pivot at 0.382, 0.618 and 1 times the session's range. Fibonacci pivot levels in the glossaryDeMark pivot levelsDeMark pivot levels. One level either side of a pivot that also reads the open: the high or the low the session closed towards is counted twice, so a session that closed under its open sets lower levels. DeMark pivot levels in the glossary
Returns and price ranges
Close to close on adjusted prices. The latest month and year run to 27 Oct 2026.
Last 12 months, per cent
- Return
- Loss
Highest month Feb 2026, +17.9%; lowest Sep 2026, −14.6%.
Last 10 years, per cent
- Return
- Loss
Highest year to Dec 2021, +119.1%; lowest to Dec 2025, −26.9%.
Low to highLatest close ₹2,105.00
WindowLowHighChange
1 week−3.0%₹2,005.20₹2,177.30
1 month−16.2%₹2,005.20₹2,523.20
3 months−26.1%₹2,005.20₹2,989.00
6 months−29.7%₹2,005.20₹3,335.20
2 years−54.5%₹2,005.20₹4,737.65
3 years−31.3%₹2,005.20₹4,810.80
5 years+48.0%₹1,366.00₹4,810.80
Lowest low and highest high over each window, on adjusted prices; change is close to close. The last year's range of traded prices is at the top of the page.
Futures and options
The market-wide position limit on 27 Oct 2026, then the open interest and put-call ratio session by session.
Limit in useLimit in use. Open positions as a percentage of the position limit; above 95% the exchange allows no new positions in the stock. Limit in use in the glossary31.8%
0%New positions barred above 95%
- Lot sizeLot size. The number of shares one futures or options contract on the stock is for, set by the exchange: a trade is made in whole lots. Lot size in the glossary
- 200Shares in one contract
- Position limitMarket-wide position limit. The most shares that all open futures and options contracts on the stock may stand for together, a limit the exchange sets. Market-wide position limit in the glossary
- 1,20,87,372
- Open positionsOpen positions. The shares that all open futures and options contracts on the stock stand for, counted the way the limit is measured. Open positions in the glossary
- 38,45,976
- Room for the next sessionRoom for the next session. How many shares of new positions can be opened in the next session before open positions reach 95% of the limit, where the exchange stops new ones. Room for the next session in the glossary
- 76,37,027
- Days banned, last yearDays in the ban, last year. How many of the last year's trading days the stock spent with its limit nearly full, when no new futures and options positions could be opened. Days in the ban, last year in the glossary
- 0Of the last 247 trading days
- Futures open interestFutures open interest. The shares that all open futures contracts on the stock stand for at the end of the session, every expiry together; it drops at each monthly expiry as contracts settle. Futures open interest in the glossary
- 41,11,000Shares, 27 Oct 2026
- Put-call ratioPut-call ratio on open interest. Open put options divided by open call options on the stock, every expiry together, at the end of the session: how many bets on a fall stand for each bet on a rise. Put-call ratio on open interest in the glossary
- 0.53On open interest, 27 Oct 2026
Futures open interest, shares
- Futures open interest
Put-call ratio on open interest
- Put-call ratio